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Selected Primary Sources and Further Reading

Athanasius, On the Incarnation 54.3 and Apologia Contra Arianos; compare Socrates and Sozomen on the Meletian controversies.

1 Clement, especially chapters 1, 24, 36, 58, 59, 61, and 64.

The Creed of Nicaea (325).

The Didache, especially chapters 7, 9, and 10.

Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of Constantine, especially Book III on Nicaea and Constantine’s post-council letter concerning Easter.

Eusebius, Church History 3.27 on the Ebionites and 5.28 on the Artemon controversy.

Hilary of Poitiers, writings from the fourth-century creed controversies, especially his complaints about the multiplication of competing creeds after Nicaea.

Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Romans.

Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.38.4 and 5.18.2.

Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, especially chapters 48 and 56; First Apology, especially chapters 13 and 21–23.

Origen, On First Principles and related surviving fragments concerning the relationship of Father, Son, and Spirit.

Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians, especially chapters 1, 2, and 12.

Tertullian, Against Praxeas, especially chapters 2, 8, 17, and 22.

Theodosian Code 16.1.2 (A.D. 380), the Edict of Thessalonica.

For modern historical study, see R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God; Lewis Ayres, Nicaea and Its Legacy; John Behr, The Way to Nicaea; and the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “History of Trinitarian Doctrines.”